Suchergebnisse

Public concern about pesticide use is very high, although it varies with social, ethical and political factors. In periurban regions, farmers live close to people with other occupations. Thus farming activities such as pesticide spraying may cause tensions. Pesticide use may also cause changes in pest abundances outside the treated field, on plants in neighbouring gardens. The first part of this thesis compared perceptions of pesticide use by farmers and their neighbours in two periurban regions in Sweden. Neighbours reported using pesticides, but perceived pesticide use to be more negative than farmers did. Neighbours also perceived themselves as pesticide non-users to a higher extent than farmers, although both categories used pesticides in their home setting to a similar extent. Perceptions of pesticide use differed between farmers and neighbours but also between groups of farmers, depending on farm size, whether pesticides were used or not, number of crops grown and pesticide safety knowledge. In two field studies, abundances of pests were compared in garden crops adjacent to insecticide-treated and untreated agricultural fields. The garden crops were not subjected to wind drift during insecticide spraying. Despite this, pest abundance and their damage on vegetables and ornamental flowers in nearby gardens decreased with insecticide use in the agricultural fields. The magnitude of this decrease depended on type of insect pests targeted, garden plants tested and timing of pesticide applications. In general, perceptions and attitudes concerning pesticide use differed between groups of people in the periurban society studied, e.g. with social factors such as gender, age and education. The fact that pesticide use in agricultural fields may actually benefit neighbouring garden crops is a novel finding. The findings presented here can be of use for policy makers to avoid conflicts regarding pesticide use in periurban environments, since it is important to address variations in the views of different groups of people in society and to communicate both the negative and positive effects of pesticide use.

Abstrak Kemiskinnan merupakan masalah utama yang sering menjadi sorotan publik, dimana masyarakat belum bisa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari. Masalah ini terjadi di Provinsi Jawa Timur dengan jumlah mencpai 4.332,59 ribu jiwa. Dengan adanya masalah kemiskinan tersebut, Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur meluncurkan program Penanggulangan Kerentanan Kemiskinan (PK2). Program ini bertujuan untuk membantu agar masyarakat rentan yang berada pada desil 2 dan desil 3 tidak terperosok pada desil 1. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sedangkan fokus penelitian menggunakan teori implementasi bottom up menurut Elmore, Lipsky, Hjern & O'Porter (Tahir, 2015:136) yang terdiri dari Identifikasi Jaringan Aktor yang Terlibat, Jenis Kebijakan, Kebijakan Sesuai Harapan, dan Prakarsa Masyarakat. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi yang dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis data menurut Miles dan Huberman yang meliputi pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Desa Ngale telah memenuhi keempat komponen implementasi kebijakan. Aktor implementasi kebijakan saling bersinergi dalam melaksanakan program, seluruh tahapan program PK2 telah terlaksana, target sasaran sudah sesuai dengan data PPLS 2015, tujuan dari program sudah sesuai dengan pedoman meskipun masih terdapat beberapa kendala. Kata kunci : Implementasi Kebijakan, Kemiskinan, PK2 Abstract Poorness is a major problem that is often a public spotlight, where people cannot yet meet their daily needs. This problem occurred in East Java Province with a total of 4,332.59 thousand people. With the existence of the poverty problem, the East Java Provincial Government launched a Poverty Program Penanggulangan Kerentanan Kemiskinan (PK2). This program aims to help vulnerable people in decile 2 and decile 3 not fall into decile 1. The type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. While the focus of the study uses the theory of bottom up implementation according to Elmore, Lipsky, Hjern & O'Porter (Tahir, 2015: 136) which consists of Identifying the Network of Actors Involved, Types of Policies, Policies According to Expectations, and Community Initiatives. Data collection techniques through interview techniques, observation, and documentation were analyzed using data analysis techniques according to Miles and Huberman which included data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that Ngale Village has fulfilled the four components of policy implementation. Actors implementing policies work together in implementing the program, all stages of the PK2 program have been implemented, the target has been in accordance with the 2015 PPLS data, the objectives of the program are in accordance with the guidelines although there are still some obstacles. Keywords: Policy Implementation, Poverty, PK2

Funding was provided fully by USAID-sponsored Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research (PEER) Program's Cycle 6 project, entitled "Ecosystem services in a changing climate; assessing critical services in Bangladesh rice production landscapes." PEER is implemented by U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) via USAID and NAS Prime Agreement No. AID-OAA-A-11-00012. D.L. (US partner on the PEER grant) acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Long-term Ecological Research Program (DEB 1832042) at the Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University South Asia Partnership and MSU AgBioResearch. ; Since independence and over the years, pesticides have become a dominant feature of Bangladesh agriculture. To protect farmers' health, environment and to improve sustainability of chemical pest control quantitative understanding of farmers' behavior in pesticide use is critical. However, study on the levels of knowledge and awareness of farmers and the practices of pesticide use are often limited. We conducted a broad analysis on the effects of knowledge and awareness of farmers as well as the influence of the different associated stakeholders such as pesticide retailers and the government, on farmers' behavior in pesticide use from a detailed survey of 917 agricultural households in different regions of Bangladesh. Within eight protective behaviors (PBs) or PPEs were largely influenced by the crops growers and regions. Never discarding empty pesticide containers in the field, never applying pesticides more than prescribed by DAE or the instruction manual, selecting new types of pesticides recommended by DAE and purchasing low toxicity pesticides were the most adopted practices. Most farmers from the South-East region were adopting the PB of wearing mask, gloves and long sleeved clothes when spraying and farmers from South trusted the recommendations of pesticides by village leaders and neighbors. Majority of vegetables growers were well informed that pesticides were very harmful to the quality of agricultural products, the environment, and human health but not rice or mixed crops growers. Generally, PBs were positively affected by the perception of the consequences of farmers' behavior and knowledge of pesticide use but negatively influenced by action of governments and trust of retailers. It is important to recognize the differences that exist among different crops growers and locations. Attempt needs to bridge the gap among crop growers, locations and different stakeholder such as government agencies and retailers to develop policy. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed